Chapter 11- Bacteria


PowerPoint Slides for Lecture


I.            Phylum: Proteobacteria

            A.            Class: a-proteobacteria

                        1.            Order: Rickettsiales

                                    a.            Genus: Ehrlichia

                                                i.            Gram-negative rod or coccobacilli

                                                ii.            Intracellular pathogens that live in white blood cells

                                                iii.            Transmitted to humans by ticks, cause erlichiosis

                                    b.            Genus: Rickettsia

                                                i.            Gram-negative rod or coccobacilli.

ii.            Enter the cell by induced phagocytosis, escaping into the cytoplasm

iii.            Species

a.            R. prowazekii – typhus transmitted by lice

b.            R. typhi – typhus transmitted by fleas

c.            R. rickettsii – Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, transmitted by ticks.

                        2.            Order: Rhizobiales

                                    a.            Genus: Bartonella

                                                i.            Gram-negative bacillus

                                                ii.            B. henselae – causative agent of Cat Scratch Fever

                                    b.            Genus: Brucella

                                                i.            Small nonmotile Gram-negative coccobacilli

                                                ii.            Cause brucellosis, and survive phagocytosis

            B.            Class: b-proteobacteria

                        1.            Order: Burkholderiales

                                    a.            Genus: Burkholderia

                                                i.            Formerly grouped with the Pseudomonas

                                                ii.            Gram-negative, motile bacillus

                                                iii.            Species

a.            B. cepacia – common hospital acquired infections resulting from its ability to grow in very diverse conditions.

b.            B. pseudomallei – causes melioidosis, endemic to SE Asia and Australia

                                    b.            Genus: Bordetella

                                                i.            Nonmotile aerobic Gram-negative bacillus

ii.            B. pertussis – causative agent of pertussis, whopping cough.

                        2.            Order:            Neisseriales

                                    a.            Genus: Neisseria

                                                i.            Gram-negative diplococci

                                                ii.            Species

a.            N. gonorrhoeae – sexually transmitted disease

b.            N. meningitides – agent of meningitis

            C.            Class: g-proteobacteria

                        1.            Order: Thiotrichales

                                    a.            Genus: Francisella

                                                i.            Small, pleomorphic bacteria that only grow on complex media

                                                             supplemented with things such as blood.

ii.            F. tularensis – causative agent of tularemia, a prospective bioweapon with a very low infective dose.

                        2.            Order:            Legionellales

                                    a.            Genus: Legionella

                                                i.            Gram-negative bacillus

                                                ii.            Common in aquatic environments (i.e. AC units)

                                                iii.            Intracellular pathogens

iv.            L. pneumophilia – causes legionellosis (Legionnaires disease)

                                    b.            Genus: Coxiella

                                                i.            Intracellular pathogen

                                                ii.            Transmitted by air or contaminated milk

                                                iii.            Produces a spore-like body that is resistant to insult

                                                iv.            C. burnetti – causes Q fever

                        3.            Order: Pseudomonadales

                                    a.            Genus: Moraxella

                                                i.            Strictly aerobic coccobacillus

                                                ii.            Infectious agent in conjunctivitus

                                    b.            Genus: Pseudomonas

                                                i.            Motile, Gram-negative, motile bacillus

                                                ii.            Very nutritionally diverse

                                                iii.            Opportunistic pathogens

                                                iv.            High level of antibiotic resistance present.

                        4.            Order:            Vibrionales

                                    a.            Genus: Vibrio

                                                i.            Slightly curved, gram-negative bacillus

                                                ii.            Species

                                                            a.            V. cholerae – cholera

b.            V. parahaemolyticus – gastrointestinal pathogen, common in shellfish.

                        5.            Order:            Enterobacteriales (enterics – food poisoning)

                                    a.            Genus: Citrobacter

                                    b.            Genus:            Enterobacter

                                    c.            Genus: Escherichia

1.            E. coli – potential food poisoning organism, and classical model system

                                    d.            Genus: Klebsiella

1.            K. pneumoniae – causes a potentially fatal form of pneumonia.

                                    e.            Genus: Proteus

                                                1.            Easy to distinguish on plates from its swarming behavior

                                    f.            Genus:            Salmonella

                                    g.            Genus: Serratia

                                    h.            Genus:            Shigella

                                    i.            Genus: Yersinia

1.            Y. pestis – causative agent of bubonic plague, a potential bioweapon and the most likely disease that caused the Black Death of European history (resulting in the death of close to half the population of Europe)

                        6.            Order:            Pasteurellales

                                    a.            Genus: Haemophilus

1.            H. influenzae – causes a type of pneumonia, meningitis, and earaches.

                                                2.            H. ducreyi – causes the sexually disease Chancroid.

                                    b.            Genus: Pasteurella

                                                1.            Causes sepsis and fowl cholera

            D.            Class: d-proteobacteria

                        1.            Order: Bdellovibrionales

                                    a.            Genus:            Bdellovibrio

i.            A bacteria that preys on other bacteria but entering into their periplasm and digesting them.

            E.            Class: e-proteobacteria

                        1.            Order: Campylobacterales

                                    a.            Genus: Campylobacter

                                                i.            Motile, microaerophilic vibrios

                                                ii.            C. fetus causes abortions in livestocks

iii.            C. jejuni is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness.

                                    b.            Genus: Helicobacter

                                                i.            Motile, microaerophilic vibrios

                                                ii.            Survives the acids in the human stomach

                                                iii.            H. pylori – causative agent of stomach ulcers

 

II.            Phylum: Firmicutes (Low GC Gram-Positive Bacteria)

            A.            Order: Clostridiales

                        1.            Genus: Clostridium

                                    A.            Endospore forming anaerobic bacillus

                                    B.            C. tetani – tetanus, rigid paralysis

                                    C.            C. botulinum – botulism, flaccid paralysis

                                    D.            C. perfigens – common cause of gangrene

            B.            Order: Mycoplasmatales

                        1.            Genus: Mycoplasma

                                    A.            Wall-less bacteria, highly pleomorphic

                                    B.            Very small, ranging from 0.1 to 0.25 mm

                                    C.            M. pneumoniae – mild form of pneumonia

            C.            Order: Bacillales

                        1.            Genus: Bacillus

                                    A.            Endospore forming, aerobic bacillus

B.            B. anthracis ­– causative agent of anthrax, a potential bioweapon used in the 2001 mail attacks.

                        2.            Genus: Listeria

                                    A.            Aerobic bacillus

                                    B.            L. monocytogenes – psychrophile that contaminates food

                        3.            Genus: Staphylococcus

                                    A.            “Grape Clusters”

B.            S. aureus – quickly develops resistance to antibiotics and can invade tissues

            D.            Order: Lactobacillales

                        1.            Genus: Enterococcus

                                    A.            Gram-positive cocci

B.            Hardy organisms that reside in stool and are common contaminants on surfaces.

C.            Highly resistant to most antibiotics

                        2.            Genus:            Streptococcus

                                    A.            Gram-positive cocci that appear in chains

B.            Produce a number of exotoxins (toxins excreted from the cell)

C.            Responsible for a number of diseases including strep throat (S. pyogens) and pneumonia (S. pneumoniae)

                        3.            Genus: Lactobacillus

                                    A.            Gram-positive bacillus

                                    B.            Common commensal organisms in humans

C.            Practically used for the production of many commercial foods.

 

III.            Phylum: Actinobacteria (High GC Gram-Positive Bacteria)

            A.            Order: Actinomycetales

                        1.            Genus: Actinomyces

                                    a.            Facultative anaerobe, common in the mouth

b.            A. israelii – causes a tissue destroying disease called actinomycosis

                        2.            Genus: Corynebacterium

a.            Highly pleomorphic cells, commonly referred to as “Chinese Character Morphology”

b.            C. diptheriae – Diptheria (“Whooping Cough”)

                        3.            Genus: Gardnerella

                                    a.            Highly pleomorphic and gram-variable

                                    b.            G. vaginalis – common cause of vaginitis

                        4.            Genus: Mycobacterium

                                    a.            Aerobic, gram-positive bacillus

                                    b.            Covered in a waxy layer of mycolic acid

                                    c.            Slow growth rate, as many as 6-8 weeks to grow in culture

                                    d.            Two important human pathogens

                                                i.            M. tuberculosis – tuberculosis

                                                ii.            M. leprae - leprosy

                        5.            Genus: Norcardia

                                    a.            Similar to Actinomyces, producing rudimentary filaments

                                    b.            Pathogenic species produce mycolic acids

                                    c.            N. asteroides – produces a persistent pulmonary infection.

                        6.            Genus: Streptomyces

                                    a.            Common soil bacterium that produces aerial filaments

                                    b.            Produces a number of antibiotics

                                    c.            Nearly 500 identified species

                        7.            Genus: Propionibacterium

                                    a.            Produces propionic acid, used to make Swiss cheese

                                    b.            P. acnes – implicated in the formation of acne

 

IV.            Phylum: Chlamydiae

            A.            Order: Chlamydiales

                        1.            Genus: Chlamydia

                                    a.            C. trachomatis causes two distinct diseases

i.            Nongonococcal urethritis – the most prevalent STD in US.

ii.            Trachoma – preventable blindness in babies

                        2.            Genus: Chlamydiophila

a.            C. psittaci – causes psittacosis (common among bird-lovers)

b.            C. pneumoniae – causes a mild pneumonia

                        3.            Both genera produce elementary bodies as the infective agents.

                        4.            Both genera have a complex life-cycle allowing for differentiation

                        5.            Intracellular pathogens, with direct human/human transmission

 

V.            Phylum: Spirochaetes

            A.            Order: Spirochaetales

                        1.            Genus: Borriela

                                    a.            Cause relapsing fevers and Lyme disease

                        2.            Genus: Leptospira

                                    a.            Excreted in the urine of domesticated pets.

                        3.            Genus: Treponema

                                    a.            T. pallidum – causes syphilis

4.            Possess axial filaments (endoflagella) allowing for rapid movement

 

VI.            Phylum: Bacteroidetes

            A.            Order: Bacteroidales

                        1.            Genus: Bacteriodes

                                    a.            Heavily contaminating feces

                                    b.            Frequent cause of wound infections

VII.            Phylum: Fusobacteria

            A.            Order: Fusobacteriales

                        1.            Genus: Fusobacterium

                                    a.            Pointed end bacteria

                                    b.            Common cause of dental abscesses

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